CompetitiveExams

Keshavananda   Bharati v. The State of Kerala(1973)  is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India. It is the basis for the power of the Indian judiciary to review, and strike down, amendments to the Constitution of India passed by the Indian parliament which conflict with or seek to alter the constitution’s ‘ basic structure ’. The Supreme Court recognized basic structure concept for the first time in the historic Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973.   The basic structure doctrine applies only to the constitutionality of amendments and not to ordinary Acts of Parliament, which must conform to the entirety of the Constitution and not just to its basic structure. The decision of the Supreme Court in the Golak Nath Case has created a constitutional deadlock. The deadlock ended with the famous case of Keshavananda Bharati and Others vs. State of Kerala in 1973. Ever since the Supreme Court has been the interpreter of the Constitution and the arbiter of all amen...

Fundamental Rights available to only citizens and not foreigners: ·          Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15). ·          Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16). ·          Six basic freedoms subject to reasonable restrictions (Article 19). ·          Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29). ·          Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).   Fundamental rights available to both citizens and foreigners except enemy aliens: The Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 are available to all persons whether citizens or foreigners. These are as foll...